Lunanwudadiao
01 · Historical Records
The five great tunes of southern Shandong have a long history; their origin should be traced to the Ming and Qing xiaoqu that evolved from the xiaoling and the santao of Yuan qu.
02 · Core Techniques & Process
The five tunes Man Jiang Hong, Ling Ling Diao, Da Ji Sheng Cao, Huai Diao and Da Diao are popularly called the “five great tunes of southern Shandong”; among the Lunan five-great-tune music current in Shandong, the Tanma five great tunes and the Rizhao Man Jiang Hong are the most representative. The Tanma five great tunes, also called Huai Diao, Wu Da Diao or Tanma Diao, are active in Tancheng County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, centred on Tancheng Town and Matou Town and spreading through the whole of southeastern Shandong, reaching even Guangrao in northern Shandong and Lianyungang in Jiangsu Province. The Tanma five great tunes comprise five tune patterns — Huai Diao, Da Diao, Ling Ling Diao, Man Jiang Hong and Da Ji Sheng Cao; it is said that all but Ling Ling Diao were brought in from the Jianghuai region. The Tanma five great tunes are mostly sung by a single person, accompanied by folk string and wind instruments and by such percussion objects as porcelain dishes, porcelain bowls and bamboo chopsticks struck to mark the beat. In musical structure they mainly comprise two types, the “interlude form” and the “main-tune form”, and in performing form they are divided into seated singing and group singing. Man Jiang Hong, which is sung in Donggang District of Rizhao City and the surrounding area, stands at the head of the five great tunes of southern Shandong and is known as the “delicate tune” and the “elegant song”. Its main tune consists of six sections and a coda, slow and lyrical, ornate and antique in manner; the interludes are light and lively, varied in rhythm and give an unrestrained expression to feeling. Man Jiang Hong is most often improvised in joyous song at banquets after the fishermen return from the sea, and its performing form is highly distinctive. In the Donggang area Man Jiang Hong is also sung when the dry-land boat dance is performed, which is why it is also called the “dry-boat tune”. Man Jiang Hong is accompanied mainly by such instruments as the dongxiao flute, the erhu, the sanxian and the qianqin, and its representative works include Four Longings and others.
Gengdu Yuqiao (Ploughing, Reading, Fishing and Woodcutting)
The five tune patterns in turn contain works such as Five Views, Four Longings, Seven Abundances, Seven Praises and Eight Regrets; 130 of them survive today, and dedicated collections such as Ploughing, Reading, Fishing and Woodcutting, Meeting the Affectionate and The Grand View Garden have been edited and published.
Yu Duoqing (Meeting the Affectionate)
The five tune patterns in turn contain works such as Five Views, Four Longings, Seven Abundances, Seven Praises and Eight Regrets; 130 of them survive today, and dedicated collections such as Ploughing, Reading, Fishing and Woodcutting, Meeting the Affectionate and The Grand View Garden have been edited and published.
Daguanyuan (The Grand View Garden)
The five tune patterns in turn contain works such as Five Views, Four Longings, Seven Abundances, Seven Praises and Eight Regrets; 130 of them survive today, and dedicated collections such as Ploughing, Reading, Fishing and Woodcutting, Meeting the Affectionate and The Grand View Garden have been edited and published.
Si Pan (Four Longings)
Man Jiang Hong is accompanied mainly by such instruments as the dongxiao flute, the erhu, the sanxian and the qianqin, and its representative works include Four Longings and others.
03 · Regional Records & Related Items
The melodies of the Tanma five great tunes are roundabout and gentle, the tempo slow and steady, the words elegant and generous, and they are much loved by the local people. The Tanma five great tunes are mostly sung by a single person, accompanied by folk string and wind instruments and by such percussion objects as porcelain dishes, porcelain bowls and bamboo chopsticks struck to mark the beat; in musical structure they mainly comprise two types, the “interlude form” and the “main-tune form”, and in performing form they are divided into seated singing and group singing. Man Jiang Hong, which is sung in Donggang District of Rizhao City and the surrounding area, stands at the head of the five great tunes of southern Shandong and is known as the “delicate tune” and the “elegant song”; its main tune consists of six sections and a coda, slow and lyrical, ornate and antique, and its interludes are light and lively and varied in rhythm. Man Jiang Hong is most often improvised in joyous song at banquets after the fishermen return from the sea, and it is also the tune sung when the dry-land boat dance is performed, hence its other name, the “dry-boat tune”.
Other submitting regions for the same item: Lunanwudadiao.
04 · Cultural Value & Contemporary Safeguarding
The five tune patterns in turn contain works such as Five Views, Four Longings, Seven Abundances, Seven Praises and Eight Regrets; 130 of them survive today, and dedicated collections such as Ploughing, Reading, Fishing and Woodcutting, Meeting the Affectionate and The Grand View Garden have been edited and published. The five great tunes of southern Shandong contain a large amount of information about Yuan qu music and literature and about ancient economic development and trade in the eastern half of Shandong Province; they are invaluable material for the study of local history and culture and of the development of traditional opera and music. At present only a few old artists remain in Tancheng, Rizhao and elsewhere, so the five great tunes of southern Shandong face the danger of having no successor and urgently need rescue and protection.
05 · Associated Representative Bearers
Representative bearers recorded under this item, organized by national nomination batch:
- He Juanlin 05-2110
- Bai Wentai
06 · Authoritative Sources & Bibliography
Sources
China Intangible Cultural Heritage Network (ihchina.cn)
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