Haizhouwudagongdiao
01 · Historical Records
After the Jiajing and Longqing reigns of the Ming, the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou gradually formed and matured, and spread widely with the salt industry and river transport. Some Ming xiaoqu such as Jishengcao, Shanpoyang and Dazaogan have been transmitted for generations yet remain complete; tunes nearly lost in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions, such as Matou Diao, also have their transmitters here, and their lyrics turn out to be basically the same as those recorded in Bai Xue Yi Yin; some highly difficult quji are still being sung by people to this day. After 1980, because the social environment changed, pieces such as the Five Gong Modes gradually became endangered. The Five Gong Modes of Haizhou are a precious inheritance of the Ming and Qing folk tunes; their excavation and protection will give a positive impetus to the study of Ming and Qing xiaoqu.
02 · Core Techniques & Process
Haizhou is the ancient name of Lianyungang city, Jiangsu Province. The Five Gong Modes of Haizhou are the art form sung in a linked suite of qupai which circulates in Lianyungang city and the surrounding area, taking Ruan Ping, Die Luo, Li Diao, Nan Diao, Bo Yang and similar pieces as its basic gong modes. The custom of the Haizhou people singing xiaoqu has a long history. Because of historical reasons such as the inaccessibility of transport, the folk tunes here were little influenced by other art forms, so the various qupai were handed down from generation to generation and preserved complete. The Five Gong Modes of Haizhou have a long history and a rich accumulation.
Ruan Ping
One of the five basic gong modes of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou; its melody is broad and placid.
Die Luo
One of the five basic gong modes of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou; its phrases are layered one upon another and progress in sequence.
Li Diao
One of the five basic gong modes of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou; its notes are clear and bright and flow smoothly.
Nan Diao
One of the five basic gong modes of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou; it carries the lingering charm of the Jiangnan xiaoqu.
Bo Yang
One of the five basic gong modes of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou; it is a qupai which the inheritor Liu Changlan is skilled at singing.
03 · Regional Records & Related Items
Because it lies where Jiangsu and Shandong meet, Haizhou became the zone where the Jianghuai dialect and the northern dialects converge; in the past the xiaoqu and miscellaneous tunes of both north and south took root and flourished here, showing a character in which they are at once fused together and mixed in great variety. The Five Gong Modes of Haizhou are practised chiefly through societies of “wanyou”, the amateur singers, who sing without instrumental accompaniment; singing takes the five basic gong modes, Ruan Ping, Die Luo, Li Diao, Nan Diao and Bo Yang, as its basis, and long suites are sung in a linked-qupai structure, Huo Zhu Zhang Sanlang being a representative example of such a long suite; accompaniment is by sanxian, pipa, erhu, yangqin and tanban clappers, and the singing insists on correct diction and rounded tone and on one voice leading a chorus in response. Haizhou lies at the junction of Jiangsu and Shandong, at the meeting place of the Jianghuai dialect and the northern dialects; the xiaoqu and miscellaneous tunes of both north and south take root and flourish here, showing a character in which they are at once fused together and mixed in great variety.
04 · Cultural Value & Contemporary Safeguarding
Zhao Shaokang (as recorded in the official dossier of an associated inheritor): male, Han, born in 1925, a native of Lianyungang, Jiangsu. For a long time he has insistently collected and sorted the various qupai and pieces of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou, gathering twenty-five books and more than two hundred pieces over several decades. His principal representative works are Ruan Ping, Die Luo, Li Diao, Nan Diao and Bo Yang of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou. Representative inheritor of Haizhou Five Gong Modes in the second national-level batch of intangible cultural heritage projects. Liu Changlan (as recorded in the official dossier of an associated inheritor): female, Han, born in 1939, a native of Lianyungang, Jiangsu. At the age of seven she began to learn the Five Gong Modes from the noted Haizhou wanyou Qian Leshan. The long suite she sings, Huo Zhu Zhang Sanlang, was included in the Anthology of Chinese Quyi Music, Jiangsu volume. In 2005 she took part in the Jiangsu Province Cultural Heritage Outstanding Skills Exhibition. She is skilled in singing the major modes and suites of the Five Gong Modes of Haizhou, especially such “bei gong” qupai as Man Jiang Hong and Bo Yang. Representative inheritor of Haizhou Five Gong Modes in the second national-level batch of intangible cultural heritage projects.
05 · Associated Representative Bearers
Representative bearers recorded under this item, organized by national nomination batch:
- Zhao Shaokang 02-0282
- Liuzhanglan 02-0283
06 · Authoritative Sources & Bibliography
Sources
China Intangible Cultural Heritage Network (ihchina.cn)
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